Overview & scope
Resolution A.1045(27) sets the IMO recommendation on pilot transfer arrangements — the construction and rigging standard that gives effect to SOLAS regulation V/23. It is reproduced here as amended by A.1108(29) (2015). Edital: Anexo 2-A items 17 and 18 (pilot transfer recommendations, amendments, risks and safe embarkation/disembarkation).
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- ADOPTS the "Recommendation on Pilot Transfer Arrangements" (the Annex).
- Governments must ensure mechanical pilot hoists are NOT used (clause 3).
- Ladders + their arrangements, use and maintenance must meet standards not inferior to the Annex (clause 4).
- Revokes A.889(21); grounded on SOLAS regulation V/23.
- Adopted 30 Nov 2011 by the IMO Assembly (27th session).
- Ship designers should consider all aspects of pilot transfer arrangements early in design.
- Equipment designers/manufacturers especially: paragraphs 2.1.2, 3.1 and 3.3.
📜 A.1045(27) · 1 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
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Ship designers are encouraged to consider all aspects of pilot transfer arrangements at an early stage in design. Equipment designers and manufacturers are similarly encouraged, particularly with respect to the provisions of paragraphs 2.1.2, 3.1 and 3.3.Os projetistas de navios são encorajados a considerar todos os aspectos dos arranjos para a transferência de prático em estágio inicial do projeto. Projetistas e fabricantes de equipamentos são igualmente encorajados, em particular quanto às disposições dos parágrafos 2.1.2, 3.1 e 3.3.
Exam targets — overviewalvo de provatrata Res. clauses 1–5 · §1
- A.1045(27) gives effect to SOLAS regulation V/23; adopted 30 Nov 2011; amended by A.1108(29) (2015).Res.
- It revokes A.889(21) and requires that mechanical pilot hoists not be used.Res.
- Ship designers: consider all pilot-transfer aspects early in design; equipment designers/manufacturers — especially §§ 2.1.2, 3.1 and 3.3.1
Pilot ladders
The core of the recommendation: certification, step geometry and materials, replacement steps, spreaders, retrieval line, marking, and the side ropes. These are the most heavily examined numbers.
- A pilot ladder must be certified by the manufacturer as complying with this section or an acceptable international standard.
- Reference standard: ISO 799:2004 (Pilot ladders).
📜 A.1045(27) · 2 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
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A pilot ladder should be certified by the manufacturer as complying with this section or with the requirements of an international standard acceptable to the Organization. [Footnote 1: Refer to the recommendations by the International Organization for Standardization, in particular publication ISO 799:2004, Ships and marine technology – Pilot ladders.]A escada de prático deve ser certificada pelo fabricante como atendendo a esta seção ou aos requisitos de norma internacional aceitável pela Organização. [Nota 1: Consultar as recomendações da Organização Internacional de Normalização, em particular a publicação ISO 799:2004, Ships and marine technology – Pilot ladders (escadas de prático).]
- Securing strong points, shackles and securing ropes ≥ as strong as the side ropes (§2.2). [2.1.1]
- Steps: hardwood = one piece, free of knots;
non-hardwood = equivalent strength/stiffness/durability;
four lowest steps may be rubber. [2.1.2 .1–.3] - Steps: efficient non-slip surface; ≥400 mm between side ropes, 115 mm wide, 25 mm deep (excl. non-slip/grooving). [2.1.2 .4–.5]
- Steps: equally spaced ≥310 mm and ≤350 mm apart; each must remain horizontal. [2.1.2 .6–.7]
- Max two replacement steps fixed by a different method; replace ASAP; any grooves on the longer sides. [2.1.3]
- Ladders with more than five steps: spreader steps ≥1.8 m long; lowest spreader = 5th step from the bottom; interval between spreaders ≤9 steps. [2.1.4]
- Retrieval line (when needed): fastened at/above the last spreader, leading forward; must not hinder pilot or pilot boat. [2.1.5]
- Permanent marking at regular intervals (e.g. 1 m) along the ladder length. [2.1.6]
📜 A.1045(27) · 2.1 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
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2.1.1 The securing strong points, shackles and securing ropes should be at least as strong as the side ropes specified in section 2.2 below.2.1.1 Os pontos fortes de fixação, as manilhas e os cabos de fixação devem ser pelo menos tão resistentes quanto os cabos laterais especificados na seção 2.2 abaixo.2.1.2 The steps of the pilot ladders should comply with the following requirements:2.1.2 Os degraus das escadas de prático devem atender aos seguintes requisitos: .1 if made of hardwood, they should be made in one piece, free of knots; .1 se de madeira de lei, devem ser feitos de uma só peça, livre de nós; .2 if made of material other than hardwood, they should be of equivalent strength, stiffness and durability to the satisfaction of the Administration; .2 se de material que não seja madeira de lei, devem ter resistência, rigidez e durabilidade equivalentes, a contento da Administração; .3 the four lowest steps may be of rubber of sufficient strength and stiffness or other material to the satisfaction of the Administration; .3 os quatro degraus mais baixos podem ser de borracha de resistência e rigidez suficientes, ou de outro material a contento da Administração; .4 they should have an efficient non-slip surface; .4 devem ter uma superfície antiderrapante eficiente; .5 they should be not less than 400 mm between the side ropes, 115 mm wide and 25 mm in depth, excluding any non-slip device or grooving; .5 devem ter no mínimo 400 mm entre os cabos laterais, 115 mm de largura e 25 mm de espessura, excluído qualquer dispositivo antiderrapante ou ranhura; .6 they should be equally spaced not less than 310 mm or more than 350 mm apart; and .6 devem ser igualmente espaçados, com não menos de 310 mm nem mais de 350 mm entre si; e .7 they should be secured in such a manner that each will remain horizontal. .7 devem ser fixados de maneira que cada um permaneça na horizontal.2.1.3 No pilot ladder should have more than two replacement steps which are secured in position by a method different from that used in the original construction of the ladder, and any steps so secured should be replaced as soon as reasonably practicable by steps secured in position by the method used in the original construction of the pilot ladder. When any replacement step is secured to the side ropes of the pilot ladder by means of grooves in the sides of the step, such grooves should be in the longer sides of the step.2.1.3 Nenhuma escada de prático deve ter mais de dois degraus de reposição fixados por método diferente do usado na construção original da escada, e os degraus assim fixados devem ser substituídos tão logo razoavelmente praticável por degraus fixados pelo método da construção original. Quando um degrau de reposição for fixado aos cabos laterais por meio de ranhuras nas laterais do degrau, tais ranhuras devem estar nos lados MAIORES do degrau.2.1.4 Pilot ladders with more than five steps should have spreader steps not less than 1.8 m long provided at such intervals as will prevent the pilot ladder from twisting. The lowest spreader step should be the fifth step from the bottom of the ladder and the interval between any spreader step and the next should not exceed nine steps.2.1.4 Escadas de prático com mais de cinco degraus devem ter degraus prolongados (spreaders) com comprimento mínimo de 1,8 m, dispostos a intervalos que impeçam a escada de girar sobre si (torcer). O degrau prolongado mais baixo deve ser o quinto degrau a contar de baixo, e o intervalo entre um degrau prolongado e o seguinte não deve exceder nove degraus.2.1.5 When a retrieval line is considered necessary to ensure the safe rigging of a pilot ladder, the line should be fastened at or above the last spreader step and should lead forward. The retrieval line should not hinder the pilot nor obstruct the safe approach of the pilot boat.2.1.5 Quando uma linha de recuperação (retrieval line) for considerada necessária para garantir a armação segura da escada, a linha deve ser fixada no último degrau prolongado ou acima dele e deve ser guiada para vante. A linha de recuperação não deve atrapalhar o prático nem obstruir a aproximação segura da lancha de prático.2.1.6 A permanent marking should be provided at regular intervals (e.g. 1 m) throughout the length of the ladder consistent with ladder design, use and maintenance in order to facilitate the rigging of the ladder to the required height.2.1.6 Deve haver marcação permanente a intervalos regulares (p. ex., 1 m) ao longo de todo o comprimento da escada, compatível com o projeto, o uso e a manutenção, para facilitar a armação da escada na altura requerida.
Pegadinha
Two favourites of examiners: only the FOUR lowest steps may be rubber, and the lowest spreader is the 5th step from the bottom — swap either number and the statement is false. The retrieval line leads forward, never aft.
- Side ropes: two uncovered ropes ≥18 mm diameter each side, continuous, no joints; breaking strength ≥24 kN per side rope; midpoint half-length on a thimble (≥2 passes). [2.2.1]
- Material: manila or equivalent; protected against actinic degradation (UV). [2.2.2]
- Pairs secured together above and below every step by a mechanical clamp or seizing with chocks/widgets, keeping each step level; seizing is preferred. [2.2.3]
📜 A.1045(27) · 2.2 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
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2.2.1 The side ropes of the pilot ladder should consist of two uncovered ropes not less than 18 mm in diameter on each side and should be continuous, with no joints and have a breaking strength of at least 24 Kilo Newtons per side rope. The two side ropes should each consist of one continuous length of rope, the midpoint half-length being located on a thimble large enough to accommodate at least two passes of side rope.2.2.1 Os cabos laterais da escada de prático devem consistir em dois cabos sem revestimento, com diâmetro mínimo de 18 mm em cada bordo, contínuos, sem emendas, e com carga de ruptura de pelo menos 24 quilonewtons por cabo lateral. Cada um dos dois cabos laterais deve consistir num único lanço contínuo de cabo, com o ponto médio (meia-extensão) apoiado num sapatilho grande o bastante para acomodar pelo menos duas passadas do cabo lateral.2.2.2 Side ropes should be made of manila or other material of equivalent strength, durability, elongation characteristics and grip which has been protected against actinic degradation and is satisfactory to the Administration.2.2.2 Os cabos laterais devem ser de manilha ou de outro material de resistência, durabilidade, características de alongamento e pega equivalentes, protegido contra a degradação actínica (UV) e a contento da Administração.2.2.3 Each pair of side ropes should be secured together both above and below each step with a mechanical clamping device properly designed for this purpose, or seizing method with step fixtures (chocks or widgets), which holds each step level when the ladder is hanging freely. The preferred method is seizing. [Footnote 2: Refer to ISO 799:2004, Ships and marine technology — Pilot ladders, part 4.3a and part 3, paragraph 3.2.1.]2.2.3 Cada par de cabos laterais deve ser fixado em conjunto, acima E abaixo de cada degrau, por dispositivo mecânico de aperto projetado para essa finalidade, ou por método de falcaça com peças de fixação do degrau (calços ou acessórios), que mantenha cada degrau nivelado quando a escada estiver pendendo livremente. O método preferido é a falcaça (seizing). [Nota 2: Consultar a ISO 799:2004, Ships and marine technology — Pilot ladders, parte 4.3a e parte 3, parágrafo 3.2.1.]
Pegadinha
It is two ropes on EACH side (four in total), continuous and unjointed — and between the fastening methods, seizing is PREFERRED over the mechanical clamp, not the other way round.
Exam targets — pilot laddersalvo de provatrata 2 · 2.1.1–2.1.6 · 2.2.1–2.2.3
- Step geometry: 115 mm wide, 25 mm deep, ≥400 mm clear width, spacing 310–350 mm.2.1.2
- >5 steps ⇒ spreaders ≥1.8 m; lowest = 5th step; interval ≤9 steps.2.1.4
- Side ropes: 2 × ≥18 mm, continuous, breaking strength ≥24 kN, manila; seizing preferred.2.2
- Max two replacement steps; four lowest steps may be rubber.2.1.2–2.1.3
- Ladder certified by the manufacturer — this section or an international standard acceptable to the Organization (ISO 799:2004).2
- Strong points, shackles and securing ropes ≥ as strong as the side ropes; replacement-step grooves in the longer sides.2.1.1 / 2.1.3
- Retrieval line at/above the last spreader, leads forward, must not hinder pilot or boat; permanent marking every e.g. 1 m; side-rope midpoint on a thimble (≥2 passes).2.1.5–2.1.6 / 2.2.1
Combination arrangements (accommodation ladder + pilot ladder)
When an accommodation ladder is used in conjunction with a pilot ladder, section 3 fixes the slope, platform height, fencing, the 2 m overlap and the trapdoor aperture.
- Alternative arrangements allowed for special ships if equally safe. [3.1]
- Accommodation ladder: angle of slope ≤45°; width ≥600 mm. [3.2]
- Lower platform: horizontal, secured to the ship's side, ≥5 m above sea level. [3.3]
- Intermediate platforms self-levelling; safe foothold at operative angles. [3.4]
- Both sides: stanchions + rigid handrails (handropes tight & secured); vertical gap securely fenced. [3.5]
- Pilot ladder rigged immediately adjacent to the lower platform; extends ≥2 m above it; horizontal gap 0.1–0.2 m. [3.6]
- Trapdoor (if fitted): aperture ≥750 mm × 750 mm; opens upwards; not part of handholds; after part fenced (§3.5). [3.7]
- Whole arrangement to the satisfaction of the Administration (SOLAS II-1/3-9). [3.8]
📜 A.1045(27) · 3 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
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3.1 Arrangements which may be more suitable for special types of ships may be accepted, provided that they are equally safe.3.1 Arranjos que sejam mais adequados a tipos especiais de navios podem ser aceitos, desde que igualmente seguros.3.2 The length of the accommodation ladder should be sufficient to ensure that its angle of slope does not exceed 45°. In ships with large draft ranges, several pilot ladder hanging positions may be provided, resulting in lesser angles of slope. The accommodation ladder should be at least 600 mm in width.3.2 O comprimento da escada de portaló deve ser suficiente para assegurar que seu ângulo de inclinação não exceda 45°. Em navios com grandes variações de calado, podem ser previstas várias posições de armação da escada de prático, resultando em ângulos de inclinação menores. A escada de portaló deve ter largura mínima de 600 mm.3.3 The lower platform of the accommodation ladder should be in a horizontal position and secured to the ship's side when in use. The lower platform should be a minimum of 5 m above sea level.3.3 A plataforma inferior da escada de portaló deve ficar na posição horizontal e presa ao costado do navio quando em uso. A plataforma inferior deve ficar no mínimo 5 m acima do nível do mar.3.4 Intermediate platforms, if fitted, should be self-levelling. Treads and steps of the accommodation ladder should be so designed that an adequate and safe foothold is given at the operative angles.3.4 As plataformas intermediárias, se existirem, devem ser autonivelantes. Os pisos e degraus da escada de portaló devem ser projetados de modo a proporcionar apoio adequado e seguro para os pés nos ângulos de operação.3.5 The ladder and platform should be equipped on both sides with stanchions and rigid handrails, but if handropes are used they should be tight and properly secured. The vertical space between the handrail or handrope and the stringers of the ladder should be securely fenced.3.5 A escada e a plataforma devem ser dotadas, em ambos os lados, de balaústres e corrimãos rígidos; se forem usados cabos-corrimão (handropes), estes devem estar tesos e devidamente fixados. O vão vertical entre o corrimão (ou cabo-corrimão) e os banzos da escada deve ser guarnecido com proteção segura.3.6 The pilot ladder should be rigged immediately adjacent to the lower platform of the accommodation ladder and the upper end should extend at least 2 m above the lower platform. The horizontal distance between the pilot ladder and the lower platform should be between 0.1 and 0.2 m.3.6 A escada de prático deve ser armada imediatamente adjacente à plataforma inferior da escada de portaló, e sua extremidade superior deve prolongar-se pelo menos 2 m acima da plataforma inferior. A distância horizontal entre a escada de prático e a plataforma inferior deve ficar entre 0,1 e 0,2 m.3.7 If a trapdoor is fitted in the lower platform to allow access from and to the pilot ladder, the aperture should not be less than 750 mm x 750 mm. The trapdoor should open upwards and be secured either flat on the embarkation platform or against the rails at the aft end or outboard side of the platform and should not form part of the handholds. In this case the after part of the lower platform should also be fenced as specified in paragraph 3.5 above, and the pilot ladder should extend above the lower platform to the height of the handrail and remain in alignment with and against the ship's side.3.7 Se houver alçapão na plataforma inferior para dar acesso de e para a escada de prático, a abertura não deve ser menor que 750 mm x 750 mm. O alçapão deve abrir PARA CIMA e ficar preso ou rebatido sobre a plataforma de embarque ou contra a balaustrada na extremidade de ré ou no lado de fora da plataforma, e não deve fazer parte dos pega-mãos. Nesse caso, a parte de ré da plataforma inferior também deve ser guarnecida como especificado no parágrafo 3.5 acima, e a escada de prático deve prolongar-se acima da plataforma inferior até a altura do corrimão, mantendo-se alinhada com o costado e apoiada contra ele.3.8 Accommodation ladders, together with any suspension arrangements or attachments fitted and intended for use in accordance with this recommendation, should be to the satisfaction of the Administration. [Footnote 3: Refer to SOLAS regulation II-1/3-9 concerning accommodation ladders.]3.8 As escadas de portaló, junto com quaisquer arranjos de suspensão ou acessórios instalados e destinados ao uso conforme esta recomendação, devem estar a contento da Administração. [Nota 3: Consultar a regra II-1/3-9 da SOLAS, sobre escadas de portaló.]
Pegadinha
Directions matter: the trapdoor opens UPWARDS, the pilot ladder rises ≥2 m ABOVE the lower platform, and the platform itself sits ≥5 m above the sea. Examiners invert each of these.
Exam targets — combination arrangementsalvo de provatrata 3.1–3.8
- Accommodation ladder slope ≤45°, width ≥600 mm; lower platform ≥5 m above sea.3.2–3.3
- Pilot ladder overlaps ≥2 m above the platform; horizontal gap 0.1–0.2 m.3.6
- Trapdoor aperture ≥750 × 750 mm, opens upwards.3.7
- Alternatives for special ships may be accepted if equally safe; whole arrangement to the satisfaction of the Administration (SOLAS II-1/3-9).3.1 / 3.8
- Intermediate platforms self-levelling; stanchions + rigid handrails both sides (handropes tight & secured); vertical space to the stringers securely fenced.3.4–3.5
Mechanical hoists · Access to deck · Safe approach of the pilot boat
The prohibition on mechanical pilot hoists (§4), the means of access between the ladder head and the deck (§5, as amended), and the unobstructed ship's side for the pilot boat (§6).
- The use of mechanical pilot hoists is PROHIBITED by SOLAS regulation V/23.
📜 A.1045(27) · 4 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
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The use of mechanical pilot hoists is prohibited by SOLAS regulation V/23.O uso de guindastes mecânicos de prático (mechanical pilot hoists) é PROIBIDO pela regra V/23 da SOLAS.
Pegadinha
Strongest norm in the resolution: mechanical pilot hoists are PROHIBITED by SOLAS V/23 — not "discouraged", not "subject to Administration approval". Any softer wording is wrong.
- Ensure safe, convenient, unobstructed passage between the head of the pilot/accommodation ladder and the deck, via a platform guarded by handrails.
- Gateway in rails/bulwark: handholds each side 0.7–0.8 m apart, ≥32 mm diameter, extending ≥1.2 m above the deck to which fitted. [.1]
- Bulwark ladder: two separate handhold stanchions each side 0.7–0.8 m apart, ≥32 mm diameter, extending ≥1.2 m above the bulwark top; ladder securely attached (anti-overturn); stanchions/handrails not attached to the bulwark ladder. [.2]
📜 A.1045(27) · 5 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
🇧🇷 Tradução editorial livre (NÃO oficial), produzida para apoio ao estudo — o texto que vale é o original em inglês da IMO.
Means should be provided to ensure safe, convenient and unobstructed passage for any person embarking on, or disembarking from, the ship between the head of the pilot ladder, or of any accommodation ladder, and the ship's deck; such access should be gained directly by a platform securely guarded by handrails. Where such passage is by means of:Devem ser providos meios que assegurem passagem segura, conveniente e desobstruída, a qualquer pessoa que embarque ou desembarque do navio, entre o topo da escada de prático (ou de qualquer escada de portaló) e o convés do navio; esse acesso deve dar-se diretamente por uma plataforma guarnecida com corrimãos seguros. Quando essa passagem se fizer por meio de: .1 a gateway in the rails or bulwark, adequate handholds should be provided at the point of embarking on or disembarking from the ship on each side which should be not less than 0.7 m or more than 0.8 m apart. Each handhold should be rigidly secured to the ship's structure at or near its base and also at a higher point, should be not less than 32 mm in diameter and should extend not less than 1.2 m above the deck to which it is fitted; and .1 uma abertura (portaló) na balaustrada ou na borda-falsa, devem ser providos pega-mãos adequados no ponto de embarque/desembarque, um de cada lado, afastados entre si não menos de 0,7 m nem mais de 0,8 m. Cada pega-mão deve ser rigidamente fixado à estrutura do navio na base (ou próximo dela) e também num ponto mais alto, deve ter diâmetro mínimo de 32 mm e deve prolongar-se pelo menos 1,2 m acima do CONVÉS em que estiver instalado; e .2 a bulwark ladder, two separate handhold stanchions should be fitted at the point of embarking on or disembarking from the ship on each side which should be not less than 0.7 m or more than 0.8 m apart. The bulwark ladder should be securely attached to the ship to prevent overturning. Each stanchion should be rigidly secured to the ship's structure at or near its base and also at a higher point, should be not less than 32 mm in diameter and should extend not less than 1.2 m above the top of the bulwarks. Stanchions or handrails should not be attached to the bulwark ladder. .2 uma escada de borda-falsa, devem ser instalados dois balaústres-pega-mão SEPARADOS no ponto de embarque/desembarque, um de cada lado, afastados entre si não menos de 0,7 m nem mais de 0,8 m. A escada de borda-falsa deve ser firmemente presa ao navio, para não virar. Cada balaústre deve ser rigidamente fixado à estrutura do navio na base (ou próximo dela) e também num ponto mais alto, deve ter diâmetro mínimo de 32 mm e deve prolongar-se pelo menos 1,2 m acima do topo da borda-falsa. Balaústres e corrimãos NÃO devem ser fixados à escada de borda-falsa.
Pegadinha
The A.1108(29) amendment is itself examinable: for a gateway the handhold now extends ≥1.2 m above the DECK to which it is fitted (the original said "above the top of the bulwarks"). And the bulwark-ladder stanchions must NOT be attached to the bulwark ladder.
Amended by Resolution A.1108(29) (adopted 2 Dec 2015): for a gateway, the handhold now extends ≥1.2 m above the deck to which it is fitted (originally "above the top of the bulwarks"); the bulwark-ladder item was restructured to require two separate handhold stanchions.
- If rubbing bands/constructional features could block the pilot boat, cut them back to give ≥6 m of unobstructed ship's side.
- Exception: specialized offshore / other similar ships under 90 m where a 6 m gap is impracticable (as determined by the Administration) — instead take other appropriate measures for safe embark/disembark.
📜 A.1045(27) · 6 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
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Where rubbing bands or other constructional features might prevent the safe approach of a pilot boat, these should be cut back to provide at least 6 metres of unobstructed ship's side. Specialized offshore ships less than 90 m or other similar ships less than 90 m for which a 6 m gap in the rubbing bands would not be practicable, as determined by the Administration, do not have to comply with this requirement. In this case, other appropriate measures should be taken to ensure that persons are able to embark and disembark safely.Onde verdugos (cintas de defensa) ou outras características construtivas possam impedir a aproximação segura da lancha de prático, eles devem ser recortados de modo a prover pelo menos 6 metros de costado desobstruído. Navios offshore especializados com menos de 90 m, ou outros navios semelhantes com menos de 90 m para os quais um vão de 6 m nos verdugos não seja praticável, conforme determinado pela Administração, ficam dispensados deste requisito. Nesse caso, outras medidas apropriadas devem ser adotadas para assegurar que as pessoas possam embarcar e desembarcar em segurança.
Don't confuse — devices & prohibitionsnao confundir
The two means of access and the hoist/reel distinction are classic trick questions.
| Item | What it is / rule | Key contrast |
|---|---|---|
| Gateway (in rails/bulwark) | Opening with handholds each side; handhold extends ≥1.2 m above the deck to which fitted | Handhold height is measured above the deck (changed by A.1108) |
| Bulwark ladder | Needs two separate handhold stanchions each side; stanchion extends ≥1.2 m above the bulwark top | Height measured above the bulwark top, not the deck; stanchions NOT attached to the bulwark ladder |
| Mechanical pilot hoist | PROHIBITED by SOLAS V/23 (and clause 3 of the resolution) | Never allowed |
| Pilot ladder winch reel | Allowed (section 7), but must not support the ladder in use — secure to an independent strong point | A reel is NOT a hoist; the reel only stows/deploys the ladder |
A.1108(29) amended §5: the gateway handhold now extends ≥1.2 m above the deck to which it is fitted (was "above the top of the bulwarks").
Exam targets — hoists, access, approachalvo de provatrata 4 · 5 (as amended) · 6
- Access to deck gained directly by a platform securely guarded by handrails — passage safe, convenient and unobstructed.5
- Mechanical pilot hoists prohibited (SOLAS V/23).4
- Handholds/stanchions 0.7–0.8 m apart, ≥32 mm dia.; gateway handhold ≥1.2 m above deck; bulwark stanchion ≥1.2 m above bulwark top.5
- Cut back rubbing bands to give ≥6 m unobstructed side; exception ships <90 m.6
Pilot ladder winch reels
Section 7 covers winch-reel installations: point of access, physical positioning (upper deck vs side opening), handrails, securing the ladder independently of the reel, and mechanical locking of the reel itself.
- Section 7 covers pilot ladder winch reels: point of access (7.1), physical positioning (7.2), handrails & handgrips (7.3), securing the ladder (7.4), mechanical securing/locking of the reel (7.5).
📜 A.1045(27) · 7 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
🇧🇷 Tradução editorial livre (NÃO oficial), produzida para apoio ao estudo — o texto que vale é o original em inglês da IMO.
[Section 7 covers the installation of pilot ladder winch reels, subdivided into: 7.1 Point of access; 7.2 Physical positioning of pilot ladder winch reels; 7.3 Handrails and handgrips; 7.4 Securing of the pilot ladder; 7.5 Mechanical securing of pilot ladder winch reel.][A seção 7 trata da instalação de carretéis (winch reels) da escada de prático, subdividida em: 7.1 Ponto de acesso; 7.2 Posicionamento físico dos carretéis; 7.3 Corrimãos e pega-mãos; 7.4 Fixação da escada de prático; 7.5 Travamento mecânico do carretel.]
- Reel sited so embarking/disembarking persons have safe, convenient, unobstructed access/egress. [7.1.1]
- Access may be via a ship's side opening, an accommodation ladder (combination), or a single section of pilot ladder. [7.1.2]
- Access area kept clear of obstructions (incl. the reel): 915 mm width (longitudinal), 915 mm depth (from side plating inwards), 2,200 mm height (from the access deck). [7.1.3]
📜 A.1045(27) · 7.1 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
🇧🇷 Tradução editorial livre (NÃO oficial), produzida para apoio ao estudo — o texto que vale é o original em inglês da IMO.
7.1.1 When a pilot ladder winch reel is provided it should be situated at a position which will ensure persons embarking on, or disembarking from, the ship between the pilot ladder and the point of access to the ship, have safe, convenient and unobstructed access to or egress from the ship.7.1.1 Quando houver carretel da escada de prático, ele deve situar-se em posição que assegure, às pessoas que embarcam ou desembarcam do navio entre a escada de prático e o ponto de acesso, entrada e saída seguras, convenientes e desobstruídas.7.1.2 The point of access to or egress from the ship may be by a ship's side opening, an accommodation ladder when a combination arrangement is provided, or a single section of pilot ladder.7.1.2 O ponto de acesso (entrada/saída) do navio pode ser uma abertura no costado, uma escada de portaló (quando houver arranjo combinado) ou uma seção única de escada de prático.7.1.3 The access position and adjacent area should be clear of obstructions, including the pilot ladder winch reel, for distances as follows:7.1.3 A posição de acesso e a área adjacente devem estar livres de obstruções, inclusive do próprio carretel, nas seguintes distâncias: .1 a distance of 915 mm in width measured longitudinally; .1 915 mm de largura, medidos no sentido longitudinal; .2 a distance of 915 mm in depth, measured from the ship's side plating inwards; and .2 915 mm de profundidade, medidos do chapeamento do costado para dentro; e .3 a distance of 2,200 mm in height, measured vertically from the access deck. .3 2.200 mm de altura, medidos na vertical a partir do convés de acesso.
- Reels usually on the upper (main) deck or at a side opening (side doors, gangway, bunkering points); upper-deck reels can mean very long ladders. [7.2.1]
- Upper-deck reel serving a lower side opening / accommodation ladder must:
suspend the ladder vertically, in a straight line to the access point [.1];
give safe unobstructed passage [.2];
provide a platform extending ≥750 mm outboard, length ≥750 mm, guarded by handrails [.3];
secure ladder & manropes 1,500 mm above the platform access point [.4];
in combination, keep the accommodation ladder firmly against the side [.5]. [7.2.2] - Reel inside a side opening must:
give safe unobstructed passage [.1];
provide a clear area ≥915 mm long × 915 mm wide × 2,200 mm high [.2];
if a horizontal ladder section is needed, allow a rigid platform cover for ≥915 mm from the side inwards [.3]. [7.2.3]
📜 A.1045(27) · 7.2 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
🇧🇷 Tradução editorial livre (NÃO oficial), produzida para apoio ao estudo — o texto que vale é o original em inglês da IMO.
7.2.1 Pilot ladder winch reels are generally fitted on the ship's upper (main) deck or at a ship's side opening which may include side doors, gangway locations or bunkering points. Winch reels fitted on the upper deck may result in very long pilot ladders.7.2.1 Os carretéis da escada de prático são geralmente instalados no convés superior (principal) ou numa abertura no costado — o que pode incluir portas laterais, posições de portaló ou pontos de recebimento de combustível. Carretéis instalados no convés superior podem resultar em escadas de prático muito longas.7.2.2 Pilot ladder winch reels which are fitted on a ship's upper deck for the purpose of providing a pilot ladder which services a ship side opening below the upper deck or, alternatively, an accommodation ladder when a combination arrangement is provided should:7.2.2 Os carretéis instalados no convés superior para servir uma abertura no costado abaixo desse convés — ou, alternativamente, uma escada de portaló, quando houver arranjo combinado — devem: .1 be situated at a location on the upper deck from which the pilot ladder is able to be suspended vertically, in a straight line, to a point adjacent to the ship side opening access point or the lower platform of the accommodation ladder; .1 situar-se em local do convés superior a partir do qual a escada de prático possa ficar suspensa verticalmente, em linha reta, até um ponto adjacente ao ponto de acesso da abertura no costado ou à plataforma inferior da escada de portaló; .2 be situated at a location which provides a safe, convenient and unobstructed passage for any person embarking on, or disembarking from, the ship between the pilot ladder and the place of access on the ship; .2 situar-se em local que proporcione passagem segura, conveniente e desobstruída, a qualquer pessoa que embarque ou desembarque, entre a escada de prático e o ponto de acesso ao navio; .3 be situated so that safe and convenient access is provided between the pilot ladder and the ship's side opening by means of a platform which should extend outboard from the ship's side for a minimum distance of 750 mm, with a longitudinal length of a minimum of 750 mm. The platform should be securely guarded by handrails; .3 situar-se de modo que haja acesso seguro e conveniente entre a escada de prático e a abertura no costado, por meio de plataforma que se projete do costado para fora por no mínimo 750 mm, com comprimento longitudinal mínimo de 750 mm. A plataforma deve ser guarnecida com corrimãos seguros; .4 safely secure the pilot ladder and manropes to the ship's side at a point on the ships side at a distance of 1,500 mm above the platform access point to the ship side opening or the lower platform of the accommodation ladder; and .4 fixar com segurança a escada de prático e os guarda-mancebos (manropes) ao costado, num ponto situado 1.500 mm acima do ponto de acesso da plataforma à abertura no costado ou à plataforma inferior da escada de portaló; e .5 if a combination arrangement is provided, have the accommodation ladder secured to the ship's side at or close to the lower platform so as to ensure that the accommodation ladder rests firmly against the ship's side. .5 havendo arranjo combinado, ter a escada de portaló presa ao costado na plataforma inferior (ou próximo dela), de modo a garantir que a escada de portaló se apoie firmemente contra o costado.7.2.3 Pilot ladder winch reels fitted inside a ship's side opening should:7.2.3 Os carretéis instalados DENTRO de uma abertura no costado devem: .1 be situated at a position which provides a safe, convenient and unobstructed passage for any person embarking on, or disembarking from, the ship between the pilot ladder and the place of access on the ship; .1 situar-se em posição que proporcione passagem segura, conveniente e desobstruída, a qualquer pessoa que embarque ou desembarque, entre a escada de prático e o ponto de acesso ao navio; .2 be situated at a position which provides an unobstructed clear area with a minimum length of 915 mm and minimum width of 915 mm and minimum vertical height of 2,200 mm; and .2 situar-se em posição que proporcione área livre e desobstruída com comprimento mínimo de 915 mm, largura mínima de 915 mm e altura vertical mínima de 2.200 mm; e .3 if situated at a position which necessitates a section of the pilot ladder to be partially secured in a horizontal position on the deck so as to provide a clear access as described above, then allowance should be made so that this section of the pilot ladder may be covered with a rigid platform for a minimum distance of 915 mm measured horizontally from the ship's side inwards. .3 se situados em posição que exija que uma seção da escada de prático fique parcialmente fixada na horizontal sobre o convés para prover o acesso livre descrito acima, deve-se prever que essa seção da escada possa ser coberta por uma plataforma rígida por uma distância mínima de 915 mm, medida horizontalmente do costado para dentro.
- Handrails/handgrips per section 5 (except platforms extending outboard, §7.2.2.3).
- Horizontal distance between handrails/handgrips 0.7–0.8 m apart.
📜 A.1045(27) · 7.3 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
🇧🇷 Tradução editorial livre (NÃO oficial), produzida para apoio ao estudo — o texto que vale é o original em inglês da IMO.
Handrails and handgrips should be provided in accordance with section 5 to assist the pilot to safely transfer between the pilot ladder and the ship, except as noted in paragraph 7.2.2.3 for arrangements with platforms extending outboard. The horizontal distance between the handrails and/or the handgrips should be not less than 0.7 m or more than 0.8 m apart.Corrimãos e pega-mãos devem ser providos conforme a seção 5, para auxiliar o prático a transferir-se com segurança entre a escada de prático e o navio — exceto no caso do parágrafo 7.2.2.3, para arranjos com plataformas projetadas para fora do costado. A distância horizontal entre os corrimãos e/ou pega-mãos deve ser de não menos de 0,7 m nem mais de 0,8 m.
- Where the ladder is stowed on a reel (inside the side opening or on the upper deck):
- The reel must NOT be relied upon to support the ladder in use [.1];
- Secure the ladder to a strong point, independent of the reel [.2];
- Secure it at deck level inside the side opening, or — on the upper deck — ≥915 mm from the side inwards [.3].
📜 A.1045(27) · 7.4 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
🇧🇷 Tradução editorial livre (NÃO oficial), produzida para apoio ao estudo — o texto que vale é o original em inglês da IMO.
Where the pilot ladder is stowed on a pilot ladder winch reel which is located either within the ship's side opening or on the upper deck:Quando a escada de prático ficar estivada em carretel localizado dentro da abertura no costado ou no convés superior: .1 the pilot ladder winch reel should not be relied upon to support the pilot ladder when the pilot ladder is in use; .1 o carretel NÃO deve ser usado como apoio (sustentação) da escada de prático quando ela estiver em uso; .2 the pilot ladder should be secured to a strong point, independent of the pilot ladder winch reel; and .2 a escada de prático deve ser fixada a um ponto forte, INDEPENDENTE do carretel; e .3 the pilot ladder should be secured at deck level inside the ship side opening or, when located on the ship's upper deck, at a distance of not less than 915 mm measured horizontally from the ship's side inwards. .3 a escada deve ser fixada ao nível do convés, dentro da abertura no costado, ou — quando no convés superior — a uma distância mínima de 915 mm, medida horizontalmente do costado para dentro.
Pegadinha
The reel is a STOWAGE device: it must never be relied upon to support the ladder in use — the ladder is secured to a strong point independent of the reel. Statements making the reel load-bearing are false.
- All reels: means to prevent accidental operation from mechanical failure or human error. [7.5.1]
- Reels may be manual or powered by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic means. [7.5.2]
- Manual reels: a brake (or suitable arrangement) to control lowering and lock the reel in position. [7.5.3]
- Powered reels: safety devices that cut off power and lock the reel [7.5.4];
clearly marked levers/handles lockable in neutral [7.5.5];
plus a mechanical device or locking pin [7.5.6].
📜 A.1045(27) · 7.5 — texto integral 🇧🇷🇬🇧
🇧🇷 Tradução editorial livre (NÃO oficial), produzida para apoio ao estudo — o texto que vale é o original em inglês da IMO.
7.5.1 All pilot ladder winch reels should have means of preventing the winch reel from being accidentally operated as a result of mechanical failure or human error.7.5.1 Todos os carretéis da escada de prático devem ter meios que impeçam sua operação acidental por falha mecânica ou erro humano.7.5.2 Pilot ladder winch reels may be manually operated or, alternatively, powered by either electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic means.7.5.2 Os carretéis podem ser de operação manual ou, alternativamente, acionados por meios elétricos, hidráulicos ou pneumáticos.7.5.3 Manually operated pilot ladder winch reels should be provided with a brake or other suitable arrangements to control the lowering of the pilot ladder and to lock the winch reel in position once the pilot ladder is lowered into position.7.5.3 Os carretéis de operação manual devem dispor de freio, ou de outro arranjo adequado, para controlar o arriamento da escada e travar o carretel na posição, uma vez arriada a escada.7.5.4 Electrical, hydraulic or pneumatically driven pilot ladder winch reels should be fitted with safety devices which are capable of cutting off the power supply to the winch reel and thus locking the winch reel in position.7.5.4 Os carretéis acionados por meios elétricos, hidráulicos ou pneumáticos devem ser dotados de dispositivos de segurança capazes de cortar a alimentação de energia do carretel e, assim, travá-lo na posição.7.5.5 Powered winch reels should have clearly marked control levers or handles which may be locked in a neutral position.7.5.5 Os carretéis motorizados devem ter alavancas ou manípulos de comando claramente marcados, que possam ser travados em posição NEUTRA.7.5.6 A mechanical device or locking pin should also be utilized to lock powered winch reels.7.5.6 Um dispositivo mecânico ou pino de travamento também deve ser utilizado para travar os carretéis motorizados.
Exam targets — winch reelsalvo de provatrata 7.1–7.5
- Clear access 915 × 915 × 2,200 mm (L×D×H).7.1.3 / 7.2.3
- The reel must not support the ladder in use — secure to an independent strong point; ≥915 mm inboard on upper deck.7.4
- Manual reel: brake + lock; powered reel: cut-off safety device, neutral-lock levers, locking pin.7.5
- Reel sited for safe, unobstructed access; point of access may be a side opening · accommodation ladder (combination) · single section of pilot ladder.7.1.1–7.1.2
- Reels sit on the upper (main) deck or at a side opening; upper-deck reel: ladder hangs vertically, in a straight line; outboard platform ≥750 × 750 mm; ladder + manropes secured 1,500 mm above the platform; horizontal ladder section covered by a rigid platform for ≥915 mm inwards.7.2.1–7.2.3
- Handrails/handgrips per section 5, 0.7–0.8 m apart (except outboard platforms, §7.2.2.3); all reels: means against accidental operation; drive may be manual or electrical/hydraulic/pneumatic.7.3 / 7.5.1–7.5.2
Key numbers & glossary
One-screen revision of every dimension in A.1045(27), the traps the examiner sets with near-identical numbers, and the glossary of terms.
All the numbers in A.1045(27)sintese editorial
Every dimension, limit and value in the recommendation, grouped for revision. The examiner swaps these — learn them exactly.
Steps (rungs)
Step cross-section 115 mm wide × 25 mm deep; clear width between side ropes ≥400 mm; rungs spaced 310–350 mm; the 4 lowest may be rubber; max 2 replacement steps.
| Item | Value / limit | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Step width | 115 mm | 2.1.2.5 |
| Step depth | 25 mm | 2.1.2.5 |
| Clear width between side ropes | ≥400 mm | 2.1.2.5 |
| Spacing between steps | ≥310 mm and ≤350 mm | 2.1.2.6 |
| Lowest steps that may be rubber | four lowest | 2.1.2.3 |
| Max replacement steps (different method) | two | 2.1.3 |
| Hardwood steps | one piece, free of knots | 2.1.2.1 |
Spreaders, marking, retrieval line
Spreaders only when more than 5 steps: length ≥1.8 m, lowest = 5th step from bottom, then ≤9 steps apart. Marking e.g. every 1 m. Retrieval line leads forward.
| Item | Value / limit | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Spreader needed when | more than 5 steps | 2.1.4 |
| Spreader length | ≥1.8 m | 2.1.4 |
| Lowest spreader position | 5th step from bottom | 2.1.4 |
| Interval between spreaders | ≤9 steps | 2.1.4 |
| Permanent marking interval | regular, e.g. 1 m | 2.1.6 |
| Retrieval line | at/above last spreader, leads forward | 2.1.5 |
Side ropes
Two uncovered ropes ≥18 mm each side, continuous (no joints), breaking strength ≥24 kN each; manila or equivalent.
| Item | Value / limit | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Side ropes per side | 2 uncovered ropes | 2.2.1 |
| Side rope diameter | ≥18 mm | 2.2.1 |
| Breaking strength per side rope | ≥24 kN | 2.2.1 |
| Joints | continuous, none | 2.2.1 |
| Material | manila or equivalent; UV-protected | 2.2.2 |
| Securing method preferred | seizing (above & below each step) | 2.2.3 |
Accommodation ladder (combination)
Slope ≤45°, width ≥600 mm; lower platform ≥5 m above sea; pilot ladder overlaps ≥2 m above platform, horizontal gap 0.1–0.2 m; trapdoor ≥750 × 750 mm.
| Item | Value / limit | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Angle of slope | ≤45° | 3.2 |
| Width | ≥600 mm | 3.2 |
| Lower platform above sea level | ≥5 m | 3.3 |
| Pilot ladder overlap above platform | ≥2 m | 3.6 |
| Horizontal gap (pilot ladder ↔ platform) | 0.1–0.2 m | 3.6 |
| Trapdoor aperture | ≥750 mm × 750 mm, opens upwards | 3.7 |
Access to deck (as amended)
Handholds/stanchions 0.7–0.8 m apart, ≥32 mm diameter; gateway handhold ≥1.2 m above the deck; bulwark-ladder stanchion ≥1.2 m above the bulwark top.
| Item | Value / limit | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Spacing of handholds / stanchions | 0.7–0.8 m apart | 5.1 / 5.2 |
| Handhold / stanchion diameter | ≥32 mm | 5.1 / 5.2 |
| Gateway handhold height | ≥1.2 m above the deck (amended) | 5.1 |
| Bulwark-ladder stanchion height | ≥1.2 m above the bulwark top | 5.2 |
Pilot-boat approach
Cut back rubbing bands to give ≥6 m unobstructed side; exception for ships <90 m.
| Item | Value / limit | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Unobstructed ship's side | ≥6 m | 6 |
| Exception (other measures instead) | ships <90 m where 6 m impracticable | 6 |
Winch reels
Clear access 915 × 915 × 2,200 mm (L×D×H); outboard platform ≥750 × 750 mm; secure ladder & manropes 1,500 mm above the platform; upper-deck securing ≥915 mm inboard.
| Item | Value / limit | Ref |
|---|---|---|
| Clear access width (longitudinal) | 915 mm | 7.1.3 / 7.2.3 |
| Clear access depth (from side inwards) | 915 mm | 7.1.3 / 7.2.3 |
| Clear access height | 2,200 mm | 7.1.3 / 7.2.3 |
| Outboard platform (extends / length) | ≥750 mm × ≥750 mm | 7.2.2.3 |
| Secure ladder & manropes above platform | 1,500 mm | 7.2.2.4 |
| Upper-deck securing from side inwards | ≥915 mm | 7.4.3 |
All values are minimums/limits exactly as stated in A.1045(27) as amended by A.1108(29). "≥/≤" reflect "not less / not more than" wording.
Don't confuse — near-identical numbersnao confundir
These values sit close together and are routinely swapped in questions.
| Value | Belongs to | Not to be confused with |
|---|---|---|
| 115 mm | step width | 25 mm = step depth |
| 400 mm | clear width between side ropes | 310–350 mm = spacing between steps |
| 18 mm | side rope diameter | 32 mm = handhold/stanchion diameter |
| 24 kN | side rope breaking strength (per side) | — |
| 1.8 m | spreader step length | 2 m = pilot ladder overlap above accommodation platform |
| 0.7–0.8 m | spacing of handholds/stanchions | 0.1–0.2 m = gap pilot ladder ↔ lower platform |
| 750 mm | trapdoor aperture (×750) AND outboard platform (≥750×750) | 915 mm = winch clear-access L/D; 1,500 mm = securing height above platform |
| 5 m | lower platform above sea level | 5th step = lowest spreader position; 6 m = unobstructed side for pilot boat |
| 2,200 mm | winch clear-access height | 915 mm = its width/depth |
| ≤9 steps | interval between spreaders | >5 steps = threshold to need spreaders; max 2 = replacement steps |
Glossary — terms in A.1045(27) (20)
Ladders & components
- Pilot ladder
- Rope ladder, certified by the manufacturer, used for boarding/leaving a ship by the pilot.
- Side ropes
- The two uncovered ropes (≥18 mm, ≥24 kN each) forming each side of the pilot ladder; continuous, no joints.2.2
- Step / rung
- Horizontal tread of the pilot ladder (115 × 25 mm, ≥400 mm clear width).2.1.2
- Spreader step
- Longer step (≥1.8 m) preventing the ladder from twisting; required when more than 5 steps.2.1.4
- Retrieval line
- Line fastened at/above the last spreader, leading forward, to help rig the ladder safely.2.1.5
- Thimble
- Loop fitting at the midpoint half-length of the side ropes, sized for ≥2 passes of rope.2.2.1
- Seizing
- Preferred method of binding the side ropes together above and below each step.2.2.3
- Manropes
- Hand ropes used by the person climbing; secured with the ladder at winch-reel arrangements.7.2.2.4
Arrangements & structures
- Accommodation ladder
- Ship's gangway-type ladder; used in combination with a pilot ladder (slope ≤45°, width ≥600 mm).3
- Combination arrangement
- Accommodation ladder + pilot ladder used together for transfer.3 / 7
- Bulwark ladder
- Ladder over the bulwark; needs two separate handhold stanchions, not attached to the ladder.5.2
- Gateway
- Opening in the rails/bulwark for access, with handholds each side.5.1
- Trapdoor
- Hatch in the lower platform giving access to/from the pilot ladder (aperture ≥750 × 750 mm, opens upwards).3.7
- Rubbing band
- Constructional feature on the hull; cut back to give ≥6 m unobstructed side for the pilot boat.6
- Pilot ladder winch reel
- Reel that stows/deploys the pilot ladder; must not support the ladder in use.7
General / regulatory
- SOLAS V/23
- SOLAS regulation on pilot transfer arrangements; prohibits mechanical pilot hoists. A.1045(27) gives effect to it.
- Mechanical pilot hoist
- Powered device to lift the pilot; PROHIBITED by SOLAS V/23.4
- Administration
- The flag State (its maritime authority) to whose satisfaction many requirements must be met.
- Actinic degradation
- Weakening of rope by sunlight/UV; side ropes must be protected against it.2.2.2
- A.1108(29)
- 2015 resolution amending section 5 (Access to deck) of A.1045(27).